Tuckpointing, the art of repairing and restoring mortar joints in brickwork, often raises questions about whether it’s possible to apply new mortar directly over old mortar. In this guide, we will explore the feasibility of layering new mortar on top of old mortar in tuckpointing, discuss compatibility concerns, understand how adhesion works, and consider essential factors before attempting this process.

Is It Possible to Apply New Mortar Directly Over Old Mortar in Tuckpointing?

Yes, it is possible to apply new mortar directly over old mortar in tuckpointing.  This process, known as “repointing,” is a common technique used to repair and refresh deteriorated mortar joints. It involves removing the damaged or deteriorated mortar from the joints and replacing it with fresh mortar. However, several things need to be considered before layering new mortar over old mortar.

Are There Any Compatibility Concerns When Layering New Mortar on Top of Old Mortar?

Mortar Compatibility is a critical factor to consider when layering new mortar over old mortar. The new mortar mix should be compatible with the existing mortar in terms of composition, strength, and color. Incompatible mortar mixes can lead to adhesion problems, color mismatches, and even structural issues.

Before starting the repointing process, it’s essential to identify the type and composition of the existing mortar. Mortar types can vary, including lime-based, cement-based, or a combination of both. Understanding the existing mortar’s composition helps in selecting the right mortar mix for the repointing work.

How Does Adhesion Work When Putting New Mortar on Old Mortar?

Adhesion of new mortar to old mortar is crucial for the success of the repointing project. Proper adhesion ensures that the new mortar bonds securely with the existing mortar and the bricks. Achieving good adhesion involves several key steps:

• Surface Preparation: The old mortar joints should be cleaned thoroughly to remove any loose or deteriorated material. A wire brush or chisel can be used for this purpose.
• Moistening the Joints: Before applying new mortar, dampen the old mortar joints slightly. This helps improve the bond between the new and old mortar.
• Using the Right Mortar Mix: As mentioned earlier, selecting the appropriate mortar mix that is compatible with the existing mortar is essential. The mortar mix should have the right proportions of sand, cement, and additives for optimal adhesion.
• Proper Application: Skillful application techniques, such as pressing the mortar firmly into the joints and striking the joints to achieve a uniform finish, contribute to better adhesion.

What Should You Consider Before Attempting to Apply New Mortar Over Old Mortar?

Before embarking on the repointing process and layering new mortar over old mortar, consider the following factors:

• Assessment: Assess the condition of the existing mortar joints and bricks. Determine if repointing is truly necessary or if there are other structural issues that need attention.
• Mortar Type: Identify the type of mortar used in the original construction and choose a compatible new mortar mix.
• Color Matching: Ensure that the color of the new mortar matches the existing mortar to maintain the overall aesthetic appearance.
• Professional Help: If you are unsure about the compatibility or the proper techniques for repointing, seek the assistance of a professional mason experienced in tuckpointing.

In conclusion, it is possible to put new mortar on old mortar in tuckpointing, as long as you consider factors such as mortar compatibility, adhesion, and proper preparation. Repointing can bring new life into brickwork, enhancing both its structural integrity and visual appeal when executed correctly.

Brick structures, with their timeless appeal and durability, have been a staple of architecture for centuries. However, maintaining the integrity and appearance of brick walls and chimneys requires a specialized skill known as tuckpointing. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the world of tuckpointing, learn its definition, the intricate process involved, and its importance in preserving brick structures. We will also address key questions, such as the differences between tuckpointing and repointing, the benefits of this technique, the tools used, the associated costs, and how to find reliable tuckpointing contractors near you.

What is Tuckpointing and Why is it Important for Brick Structures?

Tuckpointing Definition

Tuckpointing, often referred to as “repointing,” is a specialized masonry technique that focuses on repairing and maintaining the mortar joints between bricks or stones in a masonry structure. These mortar joints serve a vital structural role, providing stability and even weight distribution throughout the wall. Over time, factors like weather exposure, temperature fluctuations, and general wear can cause mortar joints to deteriorate, compromising the overall integrity of the structure.

Importance of Tuckpointing

Tuckpointing is essential for several reasons:

• Preserving Structural Integrity: Mortar joints play a critical role in evenly distributing the weight and stress across the bricks or stones in a wall. When mortar weakens or erodes, it can lead to uneven stress distribution, potentially resulting in bricks shifting, cracking, or collapsing.
• Protecting Against Moisture: Properly maintained mortar joints act as a barrier to protect moisture from infiltrating the surface. Deteriorating mortar can allow water to penetrate the wall, leading to issues like water damage, efflorescence (white mineral deposits on the surface), and mold growth. Tuckpointing maintains water-resistant properties of the wall, keeping it safe from future moisture-related problems.
• Enhancing Visual Appeal: Beyond its structural importance, tuckpointing contributes to the aesthetics of a brick or stone structure. Skillful tuckpointing creates clean, sharp lines, refreshing the appearance of the masonry and restoring its visual charm.

How Does Tuckpointing Differ from Repointing?

In order to understand tuckpointing, it’s important to also understand another similar process: repointing.

Tuckpointing: Tuckpointing, as described above, is the process of repairing and maintaining mortar joints between bricks or stones. What sets tuckpointing apart is the use of two different colors of mortar. A contrasting mortar color is applied to the surface of the mortar joints, creating the illusion of finely detailed, narrow joints. While this technique adds to the structural integrity of the wall, it is primarily used for aesthetic purposes and is less common in modern construction.

Repointing: Repointing, on the other hand, is a broader term that encompasses the repair and replacement of deteriorated mortar joints, regardless of the mortar’s color. Repointing focuses on addressing structural concerns and weatherproofing rather than aesthetic appeal. In contemporary construction and restoration projects, the term “repointing” often covers both processes, as the primary goal is to repair and maintain the mortar joints for structural integrity and longevity.

What Are the Steps Involved in the Tuckpointing Process?

The tuckpointing process is meticulous and requires skill and precision. Here are the fundamental steps involved:

1. Assessment: The tuckpointing process begins with a thorough assessment of the existing mortar joints. Experienced masons examine the mortar to identify areas of deterioration, cracks, gaps, or other issues requiring attention.  The assessment provides direction for the tuckpointing project.  
2. Mortar Removal: After the assessment, the next step is the removal of the old and damaged mortar. Specialized tools, such as chisels and grinders, are used to carefully remove the deteriorated mortar without harming the bricks or stones. Great care and precision are required during this process in order to make sure that only damaged mortar is removed.
3. Preparing New Mortar: Once the old mortar is removed, fresh mortar is prepared. The composition of the mortar is very important in ensuring that it matches the original mortar in terms of strength, composition, and color. Mortar mixers are often used to achieve the correct consistency.
4. Applying New Mortar: With the new mortar ready, skilled masons apply it to the cleaned-out mortar joints. The mortar is meticulously pressed into the joints to ensure a tight fit and proper adhesion. During this step, two different mortar colors may be used, with the outer layer creating the illusion of fine joints.
5. Tooling and Finishing: After applying the mortar, specialized tools, such as pointing trowels and jointers, are used to shape and finish the joints. The goal is to create clean, uniform lines that enhance the visual appeal of the brick or stone work.
6. Curing: The newly applied mortar must be allowed to cure properly. Curing time can vary depending on factors such as temperature and humidity. It is essential to protect the mortar from excessive moisture during the curing process.
7. Clean-Up: Once the mortar is fully cured, any excess mortar or debris is carefully removed from the brick or stone surface to reveal the final, polished appearance.

Tuckpointing a brick or stone wall not only restores its structural integrity, but also gives it a refreshed, more attractive appearance.

How Often Should I Consider Tuckpointing for My Brick Walls?

How often tuckpointing is necessary depends on various factors, including climate, exposure to elements, and the quality of the initial mortar.

Climate and Environmental Factors: The climate in your region plays a significant role in how quickly mortar joints break down. Areas with extreme temperature fluctuations, heavy rainfall, or high humidity may see quicker deterioration, requiring more frequent tuckpointing. 

Quality of Initial Work: The longevity of mortar joints also depends on the quality of the initial construction. Well-constructed mortar joints with proper composition and workmanship tend to last longer. If your brick or stone work was crafted by an expert using high-quality materials, tuckpointing as often won’t be necessary.

Regular Inspections: Regular inspections of your brick or stone work are essential for identifying signs of deteriorating mortar joints. By looking things over at least once a year, you’ll be able spot issues early on and address them before they become extensive.

Visible Signs of Deterioration: The most apparent sign that tuckpointing is needed is the presence of deteriorating mortar joints. Look for gaps, cracks, crumbling mortar, or disintegration. If you notice any of these issues, it’s a clear indication that repointing is needed to maintain the structural integrity of your brick or stone work.

Preventive Maintenance: Some property owners opt for preventive maintenance, proactively addressing mortar joint issues before they worsen. Preventive tuckpointing can help extend the life of your brick or stone work and prevent more extensive damage.

While the general recommendation is to consider tuckpointing every 25 to 30 years, naturally you’ll need to adapt these guidelines to your specific circumstances. Consulting with a professional mason can provide valuable insights into when and how often tuckpointing should be performed on your brick or stone structures.

What Are the Benefits of Tuckpointing for Maintaining Brickwork?

Tuckpointing offers a range of benefits, making it a worthwhile investment for homeowners, property managers, and anyone responsible for the care of brick or stone structures. Let’s explore some of the advantages of tuckpointing in detail:

1. Enhanced Structural Stability: The primary objective of tuckpointing is to restore and enhance the structural stability of brick or stone walls. When mortar joints break down,, the entire structure becomes vulnerable to a number of issues, including brick displacement and cracking. Tuckpointing redistributes the load evenly, ensuring that the bricks or stones remain securely in place.
2. Improved Resistance to Weather and Moisture: Mortar joints protect moisture from penetrating the surface. When the mortar is compromised, water can seep into the brick or stone work, leading to a range of problems, including water damage, efflorescence (white mineral deposits on the surface), and mold growth. Tuckpointing restores the wall’s ability to resist moisture, protecting it from such issues.
3. Preventing Further Damage and Decay: Tuckpointing addresses deteriorating mortar joints before they can cause more extensive damage. Ignoring these issues can result in costly repairs down the road, as well as potential safety hazards. Taking action as soon as you see a problem will prevent further decay and damage to your brick or stone structures.
4. Maintaining or Increasing Property Value: Well-maintained brick or stone work enhances the value and curb appeal of your property. Whether you plan to sell your home or want to ensure that it retains its value over time, tuckpointing is an investment that pays off by keeping your property looking its best.
5. Restoring the Visual Appeal of Brick or Stone Work: Beyond its structural benefits, tuckpointing has a profound impact on the aesthetic of brick or stone structures. Skilled tuckpointing work creates crisp, clean lines and can transform weathered, worn brick or stone work into a visually appealing focal point. The contrast between the mortar and the bricks or stones can be customized to achieve the desired look.

What Tools Are Used in Tuckpointing?

Tuckpointing is a highly specialized craft that requires the use of specific tools to achieve precision and quality. Here are some of the essential tools used in tuckpointing:

1. Mortar Mixers: Mortar mixers are necessary for preparing the mortar used in tuckpointing. These machines ensure that the mortar is thoroughly mixed and has the correct consistency for application.
2. Pointing Trowels: Pointing trowels are precision tools used to apply mortar to the joints. They allow masons to be more detailed and precise in their work which will result in a clean and polished appearance.
3. Jointers: Jointers come in various shapes and sizes and are used to shape and finish the mortar joints. They create the desired profile and smooth finish on the mortar.
4. Grinders and Chisels: These tools are used in the mortar removal process. Grinders can be equipped with diamond blades to efficiently remove old mortar, while chisels are used for finer detailing.
5. Brushes: Brushes are used for cleaning and finishing touches. They help remove excess mortar, smooth joints, and create a clean appearance.
6. Scaffolding and Safety Equipment: Tuckpointing often involves working at heights, so scaffolding and safety equipment are crucial to ensure the safety of workers and the quality of work.
7. Mortar Boards and Pans: Mortar boards and pans are used for mixing and carrying mortar to the work area.

The use of these specialized tools, combined with the skill and experience of professional masons, ensures that tuckpointing is carried out with precision and attention to detail.

What is the Typical Cost of Tuckpointing a Brick Wall?

The cost of tuckpointing can vary widely based on several factors, including the size of the area to be tuck pointed, the extent of repairs required, and labor costs in your area. Keep in mind that tuckpointing is a specialized skill, so hiring professional masons is highly recommended for quality work. The cost is typically calculated per square foot or linear foot of mortar joint.

The following are some factors that can influence the cost of your tuckpointing project:

• Extent of Repairs: The more extensive the damage to your mortar joints, the more labor and materials will be required for the tuckpointing job. If only a small portion of your brick wall needs attention, the cost will be lower than if the entire wall requires tuckpointing.
• Access Difficulty: The accessibility of the brickwork can also impact the cost. If the brick wall is in a hard-to-reach location, such as a high chimney or an area surrounded by landscaping, it may require additional labor and equipment, potentially increasing the overall cost.
• Mortar Type: The type of mortar used can also affect the cost. Specialized or custom mortar mixes may be more expensive than standard mortar mixes.
• Local Labor Rates: Labor costs vary by region, so where you are located can significantly impact the overall cost of tuckpointing. For example, urban areas with higher living costs may have higher labor rates.
• Masonry Complexity: The complexity of the masonry design can also influence the cost. If your brick wall has intricate patterns or designs, it may require more time and expertise, resulting in a higher cost.
• Additional Repairs: Sometimes, during the tuckpointing process, additional issues with the brickwork may be uncovered, such as damaged bricks that need to be replaced, adding to the overall cost.

To get an accurate estimate for your specific tuckpointing project, you may want to get a few different quotes from reputable contractors in your area. This will give you the chance to compare prices, evaluate the scope of work they suggest, and make a knowledgeable decision based on both cost and quality.

Keep in mind that while it may be tempting to choose the lowest-cost option, tuckpointing is worth the investment as it makes a difference in the longevity and structural integrity of your brick wall. Opting for experienced professionals who use high-quality materials and techniques can save you money in the long run by reducing the need for future repairs.

How Can I Find Reliable Tuckpointing Contractors in My Area?

Finding reliable tuckpointing contractors is a critical step in ensuring the success of your tuckpointing project. Here are some steps to help you locate trustworthy contractors in your vicinity:

• Ask for Recommendations: Seek recommendations from friends, family members, or neighbors who have had tuckpointing work done on their properties. Personal referrals can provide valuable insights into the quality of work and customer satisfaction.
• Online Resources: Utilize online resources to research tuckpointing contractors in your area. Websites, directories, and review platforms can help you identify companies with positive reviews and a strong reputation for quality work.
• Verify Credentials: Ensure that the contractors you consider are licensed and insured. This provides protection in case of accidents or damage during the tuckpointing process.
• Request References: Don’t hesitate to request references from potential contractors. Speaking with previous clients can give you a sense of the contractor’s workmanship and professionalism.
• Get Multiple Quotes: Obtain quotes from several contractors to compare pricing and scope of work. While cost is a factor, your focus should be on the quality of work and reputation when making your decision.
• Ask About Experience: Inquire about the contractor’s experience with tuckpointing specifically. Experienced tuckpointing professionals are more likely to deliver high-quality results.
• Check Online Reviews: Look for online reviews and testimonials from previous customers. While online reviews should be considered with some discretion, they can provide insights into the contractor’s track record.

By following these steps and conducting thorough research, you can identify reliable tuckpointing contractors who are equipped to handle your project with expertise and professionalism. Investing time in selecting the right contractor is a crucial part of ensuring the long-term health and appearance of your brick wall.

In conclusion, tuckpointing is a specialized masonry technique that serves as a cornerstone of brick structure maintenance. It not only adds to the structural integrity of brick walls and chimneys but also preserves their aesthetic charm. Understanding the intricacies of tuckpointing, its differences from repointing, its benefits, and its cost, should help you to make informed decisions regarding the care of your brickwork. Additionally, finding reputable tuckpointing contractors near you ensures that the job is done correctly and contributes to the longevity and beauty of your brick structures.

Bricks are a classic, durable material for interior and exterior walls, fireplaces, and chimneys. A popular choice for many historical homes and buildings due to their beauty and functionality, bricks could be made by hand, or later on mass-produced by machines, and provided both insulation and fire-resistance. However, as these historic structures age, the mortar filling the joints can deteriorate, causing cracking and crumbling. Tuckpointing offers a long-lasting, aesthetically pleasing solution to mortar degradation.

What is brick tuckpointing?

While brick is a sturdy construction material that has proven it can stand the test of time, the same cannot be said for mortar. The typical lifespan of mortar is 20 to 30 years as opposed to bricks, which can withstand centuries when properly cared for, so chances are good that you will have to replace or repair the mortar multiple times in order to prolong the life of your home or building. Exposure to moisture and varying temperatures can cause the mortar between bricks to break down over time, and if not properly addressed, can lead to water damage in your brick structure. It is imperative to maintain your brick home in order to prevent further issues, such as structural instability, mold, mildew, or wood rot. Brick tuckpointing is one way to help counteract the effects of deterioration and refers to the process of repairing deteriorating mortar by removing the old mortar, replacing it with mortar that closely matches that of the bricks, and then filling the center of the new mortar joints with a straight, narrow line of mortar in a contrasting color. This enhances the visual appeal of the brick because it gives the mortar joints a crisp, clean appearance.

Tuckpointing vs. Repointing

An alternative to brick tuckpointing is repointing, and while these terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a distinction between the two. Tuckpointing and repointing are slightly different approaches to repairing brick mortar, although tuckpointing is sometimes done as a preventative measure or for visual enhancement. While a few small cracks are not cause for concern, repointing or tuckpointing brick becomes necessary when the mortar starts to crumble and fall out of the cracks. As with tuckpointing, repointing is used to repair mortar when it begins to deteriorate in order to prevent further damage to the brick structure. However, repointing is the process of repairing deteriorating mortar by removing the old mortar and replacing it with new mortar. Because it does not use the second layer of contrasting mortar on top, repointing doesn’t result in the same aesthetically pleasing appearance as tuckpointing. It tends to have a soft, thick, wavy look as opposed to the thin, clean lines of brick tuckpointing.

Brick Tuckpointing Installation

Bricks used to be made using softer materials, so it is important to use the correct methods and materials for tuckpointing, especially in older buildings. For this reason, brick tuckpointing installation is often best left to the professionals. While it may seem more cost effective to do-it-yourself, if you don’t use the proper mortar when tuckpointing old brick, you can end up causing more damage to your structure. Walls were built from softer bricks, and lime was used in mortar mix, resulting in a softer mortar. Modern brick and mortar tend to be made harder, so if a historic brick wall is repaired using modern material, it can result in crumbling brick and compromise the integrity of your structure. Tuckpointing is also a labor-intensive process that requires a lot of skill and precision to apply the contrasting fill lines to the mortar joints. Consider using knowledgeable tuckpointing contractors who have the expertise and experience necessary to do the work correctly and ensure a clean, professional-looking end result.

How to Tuckpoint Bricks

After assessing your brick structure and determining which areas are in need of repair, there are several steps involved in tuckpointing bricks. Whether you decide to tackle the job yourself or hire a professional to complete it for you, here is a play-by-play of the process.

1. The first thing that needs to be done is to remove the crumbling mortar from between the bricks, approximately three-fourths to one inch deep. While professionals use specialized tools or equipment, DIYers can use a hammer and chisel to complete the job. Fair warning, though, this can be a time-intensive task, especially if you have a lot of mortar to remove. It is also a good idea to wear protective face gear to prevent breathing in the dust and debris or getting it in your eyes.
2. After removing all of the damaged mortar, be sure to clean out the mortar joints completely of dust and debris. This can be done using a masonry brush or something with high air pressure, such as a leaf blower, and will allow the new mortar to adhere more strongly to the old brick and mortar.
3. When everything has been properly cleaned, it’s time to mix up the new mortar. It’s important to use mortar that is a close color match to your brick. This is done by mixing dyes or colored pigment with mortar mix, and it can take some trial-and-error to get just the right ratios. If all else fails, take a small sample of your mortar to a masonry supply store and have them match the color for you. Make sure to write down the amounts of pigment and mortar that were needed, so you will have that information on hand for future reference. Remember, also, that the mortar needs to be weaker than the bricks, or you could damage your bricks.
4. Once you have the correct color of mortar, it’s time to fill in the mortar joints. Using a tuck pointer trowel, push the mortar into the joints from a hawk board. You could also use a mortar pointing gun, but it is crucial that your mortar is the right consistency. The mortar gun will become clogged if the mortar is too dry and could end up being more of a hassle. Start by filling the longer horizontal joints first and then fill the shorter vertical ones. Making sure that you are using the appropriate size tools for your joints will aid you in not getting mortar all over the bricks.
5. After applying the mortar to the joints, you will need to smooth the wet mortar to match the existing type of joint. Common joints include concave, V, flush, and extruded for external walls and raked, grapevine, struck, and weathered for internal walls.
6. Wait for the mortar to harden slightly then brush away any excess mortar on the bricks.
7. While the mortar is still pliable, mark straight lines into the center of the newly filled mortar joints with a tuckpointing tool. Using a straightedge is beneficial for getting the lines as straight as possible.
8. Finally, apply a lighter colored putty to the grooves to form the contrasting fillets, making sure to clean up any excess. This step requires a great deal of precision to give the finished wall the desired clean, crisp appearance that tuckpointing aims to achieve.

Tuckpointing Tools

Masonry tuckpointing requires a variety of tools and materials, especially if you want more professional looking results. It is important to determine what you will need and make sure you have everything on hand when you begin your project. While some of these may not be necessary for your specific job, let’s take a look at the various tools you could use to complete each step.

• Mortar removal

1. 1. • Hammer
      • Chisel
      • Mortar raking tool
      • Angle grinder or tuckpoint grinder
      • 4 ½ inch diamond masonry blade
      • Extension cord
      • Plastic sheeting
      • Ladder or scaffolding
      • Protective face gear such as respirator, goggles, and hearing protection
      • Gloves

• Cleaning

1. 1. • Masonry brush
      • Wire brush with metal scraper
      • High pressure air nozzle
      • Leaf blower
      • Shop vacuum

• Mortar mixture

1. 1. • Mortar mix
      • Dye or pigment
      • Water
      • 5 gallon bucket or wheelbarrow (depending on how much mortar you’re mixing)
      • Tool for mixing the mortar – paddle mixer, power drill with mixing paddle attachment, shovel, or spade

• Filling the joints

1. 1. • Joint filler tool or tuck pointer trowel
      • Hawk board
      • Mortar pointing gun

• Matching joint types

1. 1. • Jointing tool to match the existing style of joint such as a convex jointer, V-jointer, grapevine jointer, or rake out jointer

• Clean excess mortar

1. 1. • Soft brush

• Marking lines

1. 1. • Straightedge
      • Tuckpointing tool

• Contrasting fillets

• • • Putty in a contrasting color
    • Straightedge
    • Small knife

How to Clean Brick After Tuckpointing

If you do decide to go the DIY route, once the tuckpointing process is complete, it is important to allow the mortar a little time to harden and brush away any excess from the bricks. Use a soft brush and be sure to avoid digging into the newly filled mortar between the bricks. Whether you tackle the project yourself or hire professionals to get the job done, after the mortar has had time to cure completely, it is important to complete regular cleaning and maintenance on your structure in order to prolong the life and beauty of your brick. In order to protect the tuckpointed brick, it is essential to keep it free of anything that can trap moisture in masonry. Because moisture will erode brick and mortar if left unchecked, it is important to regularly check for mold, mildew, and moss and clean the surfaces thoroughly if you find them. Following these steps can ensure that you clean your tuckpointed brick safely and effectively.

Thoroughly spray the area with water: Brick and mortar are both porous materials. If you apply cleaner directly to them, it will immediately be absorbed and can leave you with discolored brick. To prevent the cleaners from soaking in, you must first saturate the brick and mortar with water. This allows the cleaner to sit on top instead of soaking in and do its job of removing dirt.
Use the right cleaning products: Harsh chemicals can be damaging to brick and mortar, so it is imperative to use the right types of cleaning products. Use a mild household cleanser, bleach, masonry cleaner, or even a vinegar, dish soap, and water mixture to clean your brick and mortar. Be sure to read what type of materials a cleaner is meant for to ensure that you don’t destroy your structure.
Avoid vigorous cleaning: Using the right type of cleaning tool is also crucial to not damaging tuckpointing. A soft plastic or nylon bristled brush, or a masonry sponge are all good options for cleaning brick and mortar. A stiff, wire-tipped brush can be too abrasive and destructive to the newly repaired brick.
Pressure washing: Pressure washing can be a good option for newer, stronger brick, but it should not be used on older brick because it could end up causing damage.

If in doubt about how to clean your brick, it may be best to consult with a professional. Regular cleaning and maintenance are essential to increasing the longevity and stability of your brick structure but cleaning them incorrectly can do more harm than good.